my presentation semester -1

01.
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paper no.1 

topic:- Characteristics of Metaphysical Poetry

Characteristics of Metaphysical Poetry from kishanhariyani
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02.
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paper no.2. neo classical literature 

topic:-Characteristics of Anti- Sentimental Comedy

Characteristics of Anti- Sentimental Comedy from kishanhariyani
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paper no.3- literary theory & criticism

topic:-Literary Terms

Literary Terms from kishanhariyani
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paper no.4- Indian writing in English 

topic:-' Kanthapura ' as a Gandhian Epic

' Kanthapura ' as a Gandhian Epic from kishanhariyani
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Brief Overview On Neo-Classical Novelist

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Topic:  Brief overview on Neo-classical Novelist

Name        : Kishan Hariyani

Semester   : 01

Roll No      : 21

Paper No   : 2

Enrolment No: 15101021

Email ID    : kishanhariyani1992@gmail.com

Year            : 2015-17

Submitted To: Department Of English                     

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

 Introduction

The eighteenth century in English literature has been called the Augustan Age, the Neoclassical Age, and the Age of Reason. The term 'the Augustan Age' comes from the self-conscious imitation of the original Augustan writers, Virgil and Horace, by many of the writers of the period. Specifically, the Augustan Age was the period after the Restoration era to the death of Alexander Pope (1690 - 1744). The major writers of the age were Pope and John Dryden in poetry, and Jonathan Swift and Joseph Addison in prose. Dryden forms the link between Restoration and Augustan literature; although he wrote ribald comedies in the Restoration vein, his verse satires were highly admired by the generation of poets who followed him, and his writings on literature were very much in a neoclassical spirit.

 The Rise of the Novel

The most important figure in terms of lasting literary influence during this period, however, was undoubtedly Daniel Defoe. An outsider from the literary establishment ruled by Pope and his cohorts, Defoe was in some ways an anomaly during a period defined as 'Augustan,' despite the fact that he was a writer of social criticism and satire before he turned to novels. He did not belong to the respected literary world, which at best ignored him and his works and at worst derided him.

The works of fiction for which Defoe is remembered, particularly Moll Flanders (1722) and Robinson Crusoe (1719), owe less to the satirical and refined impulse of the Augustan tradition, and more to a contrary tradition of early prose narrative by women, particularly Aphra Behn, Mary Delariviere Manley and Jane Barker. Since Ian Watt's influential study, The Rise of the Novel (1957), literary historians have generally considered Robinson Crusoe the first successful English novel and Defoe as one of the originators of realistic fiction in the eighteenth century, but he was deeply indebted to his female precursors and probably would never have attempted prose narrative if they had not created an audience for it in the first place.

 Henry Fielding (1707 – 1754)

Henry Fielding was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humor and satirical prowess, and as the author of the novel Tom Jones. Aside from his literary achievements, he has a significant place in the history of law-enforcement, having founded (with his half-brother John) what some have called London's first police force, the Bow Street Runners, using his authority as a magistrate.

He is remembered for works such as 

 A journey from his world to the next

Tom Jones

 Amelia

Voyages to Libson

 Jonathan swift (1667 – 1745)

                                                                         

Jonathan Swift was also major novelist of the same age because this age produced many great novelists of the 18th century. He was born on 30 November 1667 and died on 19 October 1745 who was an Anglo-Irish Satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer. Further we can say that first for the Whigs, then for the Tories Henry worked for both the parties containing the position of the dominant novelist.

His Major works

 Gulliver’s Travels

 A Modest Proposal

The Battle of the books

 A tale of a Tub

 Oliver Goldsmith

Oliver Goldsmith, one of the most popular 18th century English writers, lived a fascinating life of contradictions, between his unquestionable brilliance and self-destructive tendencies. Many details of Goldsmith's life are not precisely known, partially because he seems to have frequently lied to his official biographer, about details as innocuous as his birth year or as significant as his lineage. And yet this fact tells us as much about Goldsmith's life and character as any other detail.

Goldsmith was born sometime between 1728 and 1731 to a poor Irish family. He was one of seven children, and his father was a county vicar. When Goldsmith was still young, his father's death forced him to rely on a wealthy uncle for support. In his early days, he was frequently bullied because of facial disfigurement caused by smallpox. Goldsmith never bothered to hide his Irish origins, even maintaining his brogue despite the fact that it would have been considered low-class once he later settled in London amongst more esteemed company. His relationship with his mother was always a complicated one, and he later grew estranged from her. His novel The Vicar of Wakefield.

Laurence Stern

Laurence stern was one of the most shining stars of the neo-classical Age who was dominant novelists among the intellectual writers of the same age. Laurence Sterne was born on 24 November 1713 and died on 18 March 1768.but during short period of time Henry had contributed a lot as He was an Anglo-Irish novelist and an Anglican clergyman.

He is best known for his novels

The Life and opinions of Tristram Shandy

 Gentleman

 A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy

 Samuel Richardson

Richardson was an 18th century English writer and master of printer. Richardson received very little education, but he had a natural talent for writing letter, and even as a boy we find him frequently employed by working girls to write their love letters for them. Richardson belong the credit of writing the first modern novel. He printed a novel of his own, called Pamela or virtue Rewarded (1740), which takes the born of a series of letters, deals with the fortune of Pamela, a poor and virtuous maid.

His major novels:

 The History of Young lady

Sir Charles Grandison

Tobias Smollett:

Tobias George Smollett was also most influential novelist of the Augustan Age. He was more famous for his effective writing which Henry depicted Indian his novels. Smollett was born on 19 March 1721 and though Henry lived very short life but Henry had written many novels which can be considered as a masterpiece. He was a Scottish poet and author

He was best known for his picaresque novels, such as 

 Roderick Random

 Peregrine Pickle

 Daniel Defoe

Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel and helped popularize the genre in England. He is also a pioneer of economic journalism. He was born Daniel Foe, probably in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate, London. Both the date and the place of his birth are uncertain. His father, James Foe, though a member of the Butchers' Company was a tallow chandler.

Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel and helped popularize the genre in England. He is also a pioneer of economic journalism. He was born Daniel Foe, probably in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate, London.

Defoe's famous novel Robinson Crusoe (1719), tells of a man's shipwreck on a desert island and his subsequent adventures. The author may have based his narrative on the true story of the shipwreck of the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk.

          Defoe's next novel was Captain Singleton (1720), amazing for its portrayal of the redemptive power of one man's love for another. Hans Turley has recently shown how Quaker William's love turns Captain Singleton away from the murderous life of a pirate, and the two make a solemn vow to live as a male couple happily ever after in London, disguised as Greeks and never speaking English in public.

Defoe wrote an account of the Great Plague of 1665: A Journal of the Plague Year. He also wrote Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (1724) offer remarkable examples of the way in which Defoe seems to inhabit his fictional (yet "drawn from life") characters, not least in that they are women.

 Sir Walter Scott

Sir Walter Scott was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. In some ways Scott was the first author to have a truly international career in his lifetime, with many contemporary readers all over Great Britain, Ireland, Europe, Australia, and North America.

          His novels and his poetry are still read, but he is far less popular nowadays than he was at the height of his fame. Nevertheless many of his Works remain classics of English literature. Famous titles include The Heart of Midlothian.

He began dabbling in writing, translating works from German, his first publication being rhymed versions of ballads by Burger in 1796. He then published a three-volume set of collected Scottish ballads, The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. This was the first sign of his interest in Scotland and history from a literary standpoint.

 Conclusion :

In short contribution of neo classical novelists remain remarkable and some of them given remarkable work and made English literature more wealthy and always provides source of inspiration and they all are genius of their era and given new idea and their feeling not only for entertain but to change something and civilize society to provide new mental satisfaction and bring some changes from traditional literature.
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Dramatist of Elizabethan Age

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Dramatist of Elizabethan Age

Name: Kishan Hariyani

Semester   : 01

Roll No      : 21

Paper No   : 1

Enrolment No: 15101021

Email ID    : kishanhariyani1992@gmail.com

Year            : 2015-17

Submitted To: Department Of English                     

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

v Introduction:

Elizabethan age (1550-1620) is one of the most remarkable age in development of English drama as well as theatre in this period is consider the golden period in the history of England as also in the history of English Literature .university wits of this age and some of them master of drama and made English literature more wealthy and provides source for inspiration and it is enough for our purpose, therefor to point out two facts

That Elizabeth with all her vanity and inconsistency, steadily loved England and England’s greatness and that inspired all her people unbounded patriotism and English literature reached highest point of its development.

v Elizabethan plays and plays and playwrights:

The Elizabethan plays and playwrights were extremely popular during the Elizabethan period and many of their plays are still performed today. the most Elizabethan play wrights was William Shakespeare who has been created many far Elizabethan plays .the other very famous Elizabethan play wrights were:

Ø Theatrical Beginnings of the Elizabethan Age

By 1592, there is evidence William Shakespeare earned a living as an actor and a playwright in London and possibly had several plays produced. The September 20, 1592 edition of the Stationers' Register includes an article by London playwright Robert Greene that takes a few jabs at William Shakespeare:

"...There is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country,"

Greene wrote of Shakespeare. Scholars differ on the interpretation of this criticism, but most agree that it was Greene's way of saying Shakespeare was reaching above his rank, trying to match better known and educated playwrights like Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe or Greene himself

.

Ø Characteristics of Elizabethan Dramatist:

1. Tragedy must end in some tremendous catastrophe involving in Elizabethan practice the death of the principal character.

2. The catastrophe must not be the result of mere accident, but must be brought about by some essential trait in the character of the hero acting either directly or through its effect on other persons.

3. The hero must nevertheless have in him something which outweighs his defects and interests us in him so that we care for his fate more than for anything else in the play.

In the drama of Marlowe the satisfaction appears to depend, not on the excitement of the catastrophe, but on the assertion of the greatness of man's spirit; and this seems to have been the theme also of tragedy It will be remembered that the first part of  Tamburlaine

Ø Major Elizabethan Drametist:

Ø William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

William Shakespeare was one of the greatest Dramatists of The English Literature and prominent figure in the Elizabethan Age.He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon on 23th of April, 1564. The family was not rich yet. They rented a house and some land. There were eight children in the family: fourgirls ad four boys three of them diedyoung. In 1582, Shakespeare was married to Anne Hathway. After that he started to write Dramas, which can be categorized in four different periods. 

ü 1590 - King Henry VI

ü 1591 - Henry VI

ü 1592 - The Comedy of Errors

ü 1594 - The Two Gentlemen of Verona ,

ü 1595 - Romeo and Juliet

ü 1595 - A Midsummer Night's Dream

ü 1596 - Merchant of Venice

ü 1599 - Julius Caesar

ü 1599 - As You Like it

Shakespeare's tragedies belong to the Third period of his work. During that time the author reaches his full maturity. He becomes a great dramatist of the Renaissance, his main ideology is humanism, and he presents the great human problems in his plays. The writer always reveals human nature and psychology relations, shows his characters.

ü 1601 - Hamlet

ü 1602 - All`s Well That Ends Well

ü 1604 - Othello

ü 1605 - King Lear

ü 1606 - Macbeth

ü 1606 - Antony and Cleopatra

ü 1607 - Timor of Athens

         

 Among them Shakespeare popular for his four great tragedies are;

ü Hamlet

ü Othello

ü King Lear

ü Macbeth

Ø Ben Jonson (1572-1637)

Ben Jonson was an early playwright of Elizabethan Age, poet and actor whose popularity rivaled that of Shakespeare or Marlowe. His father died shortly before his birth, and his mother remarried a bricklayer. Luckily for the clever young boy, an unidentified friend paid for Jonson to attend Westminster School. For Twenty Five years, ha was the literary dictator. He was influenced more by French writers. His plays are,

ü The Alchemist

ü Sejanus His Fall

ü Every Man out of His Humour

ü Every Man in His Humour

ü Volpone

Ben Jonson’s Every Man in His Humour is a first comedy in his are stood for some characteristic whim or quality of society. The three best known of Jonson’s comedies are Volpone, the Alchemist, and The Silent Woman, Volpone is a keep and merciless analysis of a man governed by an overwhelming lone of money for its own sake.

Ø Francis Beaumont(1584-1616)

Beaumont was the brother of Sir John Beaumont, who came to London from oxford to study law, but soon gave it up to write for the stage. The work of Beaumont is do closely associated or interwoven that , thoughFletcher outlived Beaumont by nine years ,but later on Fletcher wrote alone .Still many person class them together . And only scholars attempt to separate their works so both come from noble and cultured families and were university trained. His plays are:

ü The Woman Hater (1606)

ü The Coxcomb (1608–10)

ü The Captain (1609–12)

ü Cupids Revenge (1611)

ü The Scornful Ladie (1613–17)

ü Loves Pilgrimage (1616)

Ø Contribution of university wits:

            University wits were the name given to a group of Elizabeth or Elizabethan playwrights. The university wits were a group of oxford and Cambridge university scholar Shakespearean University Dramatists are known as the university wits before Shakespeare it was the earliest stage of the development of Drama as a popular. The University wits were a group of seven people.

These University men were usually actors as well as Dramatists. This group contributed to establish the Elizabethan theatre. They popularized the form of Drama. They are like a.

Ø Christopher Marlow

Ø George Peele

Ø Robert Greene

Ø John Lyly

Ø Robert Greene

Ø Thomas Kyd

Ø Thomas Lodge

Ø Thomas Nashe

Let’s discuss in detail their work and literature;

Ø Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)

            Christopher Marlowe was more famous as well as most outstanding figure among university wits. Marlowe was popular for his two major techniques; Blank Verse and Tragic theory

His Plays are like a.....

ü Dr. Faustus

ü King Edward

ü Tamerlane

ü The Jew of Malta

ü The Massacre at parish

ü Dido Queen of cartage

Ø George Peele(1558-1597)

       He is noted for his poetic style and decorative phrase. He wrote many plays, but unfortunately only few of them are popular like,

ü Edward 1

ü The old wives

ü The Love of King David

Ø Robert Greene (1558-1592)

            He travelled widely over Europe and liked Italian authors. He developed a regular plot expressing deep Human feeling. His plays are,

ü The Scottish History of James 4

ü The History of orlando  Furioso

ü A looking Glass for London and England

ü The Comicall History of Alphonus King of Aragon

Ø John Lily (1554-1606)

            He was the leader of university Wits and chosen themes from classical literature. He became famous for his comedy like,

ü Alexander and Campaspe

ü Endimion

Ø Thomas Kyd (1558-1594)

        He was a Dramatis and educated at London. Who wrote a famous tragedy which was known as Spanish Tragedy. By profession he was a scrivener. His remarkable plays are such as

Ø Spenishtragedy

Ø Jeronimo

Ø Aplology for actor

Ø The tragedy of solyman and person

Ø Thomas Lodge (1567-1601)

            He was not popular Dramatist .He was educated from Oxford  ,he was a writer .He became famous for his two dramas these are;

ü The Wounds of civil war

ü A Looking glass for London & England

Ø Thomas Nashe(1558-1625)

            Thomas Nashe was known as story writer Then after he written some play or drama. He was the creator of a new style of writing different way;

His works are;

ü The Unfortunate traveller Jack woillson

ü Dido Queen of cartage and summers

ü Last will and testament

Ø Conclusion:

In short Elizabethan Dramatist is most popular and his notable contribution remain memorable in construction of English literature specially in England  Development of drama, and beginning of theatre, and also various types of litery  genre begins in this age such as; comedy, tragedy ,history etc., it bring some changes in society and literature.

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